“Alopecia areata is considered an autoimmune disorder. It occurs when inflammation develops around the hair follicles, and certain lymphocytes unintentionally induce an autoimmune response that targets and damages these follicles. As a result, hair loss occurs in the affected areas.
The pattern of hair loss varies. It may appear as a single bald patch on the scalp, multiple patches, or affect eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, or body hair. A single round bald spot on the scalp is referred to as “single patch-type” alopecia areata. When multiple patches appear, it is called “multiple patch-type.” If the entire scalp becomes bald, it is known as “total scalp-type,” and when hair loss affects the entire body, it is called “universal-type.” In rare cases, hair loss may form a band-like pattern along the hairline, referred to as the “ophiasis-type.”

Treatment for alopecia areata is chosen based on the severity of the condition and the patient’s age. In mild cases, spontaneous recovery may occur, and observation without treatment may be considered. Common treatments include the use of topical corticosteroids or local corticosteroid injections to suppress inflammation and reduce the autoimmune attack on the hair follicles. Minoxidil can also be used to enhance blood circulation, improve the microenvironment around hair follicles, and stimulate hair follicles to proliferate hair growth. In more severe cases, treatments such as topical immunotherapy (using SADBE or DPCP) or phototherapy (e.g., excimer light) may be administered. In recent years, oral biologic agents like JAK inhibitors have also been introduced. Since treatment may take time, a long-term approach in collaboration with a medical professional is essential. To ease the psychological burden caused by hair loss, wigs and counseling support may also be used alongside medical treatment.

Even after successful treatment, alopecia areata is prone to recurrence. Therefore, prevention involves reviewing one’s lifestyle and managing stress effectively. Getting sufficient sleep, maintaining a balanced diet, and avoiding overwork are basic preventive strategies. Because stress is often a trigger, relaxation techniques, moderate exercise, and engaging in hobbies for mental relief can also help. It is important not to discontinue treatment on your own. Even if symptoms improve, regular check-ups with a physician are recommended. If signs of hair loss or changes in physical condition are noticed, early medical consultation and continuation of preventive treatment may be effective. While there is no established method to completely prevent recurrence, consistent healthy daily habits contribute significantly to prevention.