About Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is one of the most commonly observed conditions in ophthalmology. The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye. It helps protect the eyes from foreign objects and keeps the surface hydrated by forming a layer of tears.

Types of Conjunctivitis

1. Allergic Conjunctivitis (e.g., Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis)

Causes:

It is caused by an overreaction of the immune system to allergens such as pollen, house dust mites, pet dander, mold, and chemical substances. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is common, occurring in spring and autumn, while perennial allergic conjunctivitis is caused by year-round allergens like house dust.

Characteristics:

Symptoms include severe itching and redness, often accompanied by clear or whitish discharge. Watery eyes and eyelid swelling may also occur. Allergic reactions often affect both eyes and can become chronic, with symptoms worsening depending on the season or environment.

Treatment:

Antihistamine eye drops or oral medications are commonly used to alleviate symptoms by suppressing histamine. Cooling the eyes with cold compresses or using artificial tears can reduce itching. Identifying and avoiding allergens is crucial. In some cases, steroid eye drops may be prescribed by a doctor.

2. Viral Conjunctivitis (e.g., Pharyngoconjunctival Fever, Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis)

Causes:

Mainly caused by adenoviruses, which are highly contagious. The virus spreads through contact with contaminated hands, towels, or eye drops. Infection often occurs in public pools or facilities, hence the name “pool fever.”

Characteristics:

Symptoms include pronounced redness of the eyes, excessive production of clear tears, and sticky discharge. Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and often starts in one eye before spreading to the other. In severe cases, lymph nodes in front of the ear may become swollen. The infection has a latency period and remains contagious even after symptoms appear.

Treatment:

There is no specific antiviral treatment for viral conjunctivitis. Symptoms usually resolve on their own within one to two weeks. Artificial tears and cold compresses can help relieve discomfort. Preventative measures such as handwashing and using separate towels are essential to stop the spread. School or work attendance may be restricted during the contagious period.

3. Bacterial Conjunctivitis (e.g.,Purulent Conjunctivitis)

Causes:

It is caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. Risk factors include touching the eyes with dirty hands or using contact lenses in unhygienic conditions.

Characteristics:

Symptoms include yellowish or greenish thick discharge, redness of the eyes, swollen eyelids, and mild pain or discomfort. Severe infections may make it difficult to open the eyes. Typically, it starts in one eye but can occasionally spread to both.

Treatment:

Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are the main treatments, ensuring early recovery even in mild cases. Maintaining eye hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes are essential for prevention. In severe cases or when the infection spreads, further medical treatment may be necessary under the guidance of a doctor.